Crusades History

The Crusades were military campaigns sanctioned by the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages. In 1095 Byzantine Emperor Alexios I, in Constantinople, sent an ambassador to Pope Urban II in Italy pleading for military help against the growing Turkish threat. The Pope responded promptly by calling Catholic soldiers to join the First Crusade. The immediate goal was to guarantee pilgrims access to the holy sites in the Holy Land under Muslim control. His long-range goal was to reunite the Eastern and Western branches of Christendom after their split in 1054 with the pope as head of the united Church. A complex 200-year struggle ensued.

Hundreds of thousands of Roman Catholics from many different classes and nations of Western Europe became crusaders by taking a public vow and receiving plenary indulgences from the church.Some crusaders were peasants hoping for Apotheosis at Jerusalem. Pope Urban II claimed that anyone who participated was forgiven of their sins. In addition to demonstrating devotion to God, as stated by the Catholic Church, participation satisfied feudal obligations and provided opportunities for economic and political gain. Crusaders often pillaged the countries through which they traveled, and contrary to their promises the leaders retained much of this territory rather than returning it to the Byzantines.

The People's Crusade prompted the murder of thousands of Jews, known as the Rhineland massacres. Constantinople was sacked during the Fourth Crusade rendering the reunification of Christendom impossible. Due to the weakening that resulted from the siege, the remnants of the Byzantine Empire finally fell to the Ottomans in 1453. The Catholic Church mounted no coherent response when their last stronghold in the region, Acre, fell in 1291.

Opinions concerning the conduct of crusaders have varied from laudatory to highly critical. The impact of the crusades was profound; they reopened the Mediterranean to commerce and travel, enabling Genoa and Venice to flourish. Crusader armies would trade with the local populations while travelling, and Orthodox Byzantine emperors often organized markets for crusaders moving through their territory. The Crusades consolidated the collective identity of the Latin Church under papal leadership, were a source of heroism, chivalry, and piety. This consequently spawned medieval romance, philosophy, and literature. However, the crusades reinforced the connection between Western Catholicism, feudalism, and militarism, which was counter to the Peace and Truce of God that Urban had promoted.

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十字军东征是天主教会在中世纪认可的军事行动。 1095年拜占庭皇帝ALEXIOS我，在君士坦丁堡，在意大利派出大使教皇乌尔班二世恳求针对日益增长的威胁，土耳其军方帮助。教宗致电天主教士兵参加第一次东征迅速做出了回应。当前的目标是保证朝圣者前往圣地在穆斯林控制的圣地。他的长远目标是两人分手之后在1054年与教皇为联合教会的负责人团聚基督教世界的东方和西方的分支机构。一个复杂的200年的斗争接踵而至。

从许多不同的类别和西欧国家成千上万的罗马天主教徒变成了十字军采取公开誓言和接收全体会议放纵由church.Some十字军是农民希望神化在耶路撒冷。教皇乌尔班二世声称，任何人谁参加了赦免他们的罪。除了演示奉献给神，由天主教教会的规定，参与满意的封建义务，并为经济和政治利益提供了机会。十字军经常掠夺，通过它们走过的国家，并违背了自己的诺言领导人保留了这片领土，而不是将其返回到拜占庭。

人民圣战促使成千上万的犹太人，被称为莱茵兰屠杀谋杀。君士坦丁堡的第四次十字军渲染基督教不可能统一过程中被解雇。由于这源于围攻的减弱，拜占庭帝国的残余终于降到了1453年的天主教会装不连贯的反应时，他们的最后一个据点的地区，阿卡，1291年下跌脚垫。

关于十字军的行为意见各不相同，从赞美到非常关键。十字军东征的影响是深远的;他们重新在地中海商业和旅游，使热那亚和威尼斯的蓬勃发展。十字军部队将与当地居民在旅途中贸易和东正教拜占庭皇帝经常组织市场十字军通过其领土感动。十字军东征巩固了拉丁美洲教会的集体认同教皇的领导下，是英雄主义，侠义，和虔诚的来源。这因此催生了中世纪的浪漫，哲学和文学。然而，十字军东征增强西方天主教，封建主义，军国主义，这是违背上帝的城市促进了和平与休战之间的连接。

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